Reflections
A driver launches a step into a 50 Ω line. What comes back?
220 Ω
Γ = +0.64 —
Open Lab A: watch the wave travel and account for its energy →Signal & power integrity, visualised
Learn signal and power integrity through interactive models
Explore reflections, crosstalk, loss, jitter, and PDN impedance with models you can adjust alongside the equations and explanations. The material begins with basic electronics and extends into the questions practising engineers use during design and debug. Build intuition, test a prediction, and inspect the assumptions behind each result.
Developed under Geetansh Arora's direction, with his technical review of the content and hands-on exploration of the labs.
Move something. Watch the physics answer.
Three models from the labs, running here. Drag a control and every number under it is recomputed — these are the same models the lab pages use, not pictures of them.
Eye diagram
Every bit smears into its neighbours. How much loss closes the eye?
8 dB
Opening — —
Open Lab B: the same channel in six domains at once →Power delivery
Add decoupling capacitors. Does the impedance only go down?
12
Peak — at — —
Open Lab C: see which path actually supplies the current →Groundwork
Vocabulary, conventions, and mathematical connections used throughout the site.
Fundamentals
Build intuition for transmission lines, loss, coupling, sampling, and measurement.
Power Integrity
Follow rail impedance and transient current from the regulator to the die.
SI in practice
Apply channel budgeting, equalization, receiver, and simulation methods.
Package & board
Where the electrical design meets manufacturing.
Interface sign-off
Interface-specific data rates, channel considerations, and source boundaries.
Methodology
Plan simulations and measurements, compare evidence, report margin, and debug efficiently.
Labs
Four long-form instruments with linked views, stated assumptions, and documented evidence.